@article{Ruston_Martin_Kelly_2017, title={Georgia’s Rapid Expansion of Mosquito Surveillance in Response to Zika Virus}, volume={9}, url={https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7685}, DOI={10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7685}, abstractNote={<div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 292.008px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0823);" data-canvas-width="55.467823232323234">Objective</div><div style="left: 91.3182px; top: 305.011px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980567);" data-canvas-width="330.76170202020194">To describe the Georgia Department of Public Health’s (DPH)</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 319.506px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01479);" data-canvas-width="344.79129116161613">mosquito surveillance capacity before and after Zika virus was</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 334.001px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03631);" data-canvas-width="343.1748143939392">declared a public health emergency, review and compare mosquito</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 348.496px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990051);" data-canvas-width="344.19127272727275">surveillance results from 2015 to 2016, and evaluate the risk of</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 362.991px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00656);" data-canvas-width="344.7457045454545">autochthonous vector transmission of Zika virus based on 2016</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 377.486px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00114);" data-canvas-width="99.56363383838382">surveillance data of</div><div style="left: 177.819px; top: 377.486px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981787);" data-canvas-width="68.77418686868687">Aedes aegypti</div><div style="left: 246.582px; top: 377.486px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00076);" data-canvas-width="23.951454545454546">and</div><div style="left: 270.531px; top: 377.486px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993393);" data-canvas-width="83.84241161616163">Aedes albopictus</div><div style="left: 354.364px; top: 377.486px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00177);" data-canvas-width="62.29349494949494">mosquitoes.</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 405.068px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11884);" data-canvas-width="71.86668434343434">Introduction</div><div style="left: 91.3182px; top: 418.071px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01757);" data-canvas-width="329.7945265151515">Zika virus was declared an international public health emergency</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 432.566px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03423);" data-canvas-width="345.4171830808081">by the World Health Organization on February 1, 2016. With</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 447.061px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0315);" data-canvas-width="339.2445088383833">Georgia hosting the world’s busiest international airport and a sub-</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 461.556px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994412);" data-canvas-width="309.7758416666667">tropical climate that can support the primary Zika virus vector,</div><div style="left: 388.036px; top: 461.556px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960651);" data-canvas-width="32.50202525252525">Aedes</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 476.051px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00176);" data-canvas-width="39.35233838383838">aegypti,</div><div style="left: 117.617px; top: 476.051px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989536);" data-canvas-width="106.52360126262626">and secondary vector</div><div style="left: 224.135px; top: 476.051px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985428);" data-canvas-width="92.25252626262625">, Aedes albopictus,</div><div style="left: 316.381px; top: 476.051px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985688);" data-canvas-width="103.76006666666665">the CDC designated</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 490.546px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.957124);" data-canvas-width="343.67133888888895">Georgia as a high risk state for vector transmission. Faced with a</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 505.041px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0128);" data-canvas-width="342.6647371212121">lack of mosquito surveillance data to evaluate risk of autochthonous</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 519.536px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977565);" data-canvas-width="341.75670101010087">transmission and a few counties statewide that provide comprehensive</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 534.031px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975257);" data-canvas-width="341.61624494949484">mosquito control, the DPH rapidly scaled up a response. DPH updated</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 548.526px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01769);" data-canvas-width="342.7423575757577">existing mosquito surveillance and response plans targeted for West</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 563.021px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01947);" data-canvas-width="344.95392449494943">Nile Virus (WNV) and expanded capacity to areas that lacked</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 577.516px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00482);" data-canvas-width="260.39814393939395">previous surveillance targeting the Zika virus vector.</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 605.099px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.07424);" data-canvas-width="50.65042676767676">Methods</div><div style="left: 91.3182px; top: 618.102px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03853);" data-canvas-width="332.277148989899">Mosquito surveillance data provided by DPH was analyzed</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 632.597px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960409);" data-canvas-width="343.73047828282813">for years 2015 and 2016 to date. The geographical distribution of</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 647.092px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981677);" data-canvas-width="343.9140568181818">counties conducting surveillance, total number and percentage by</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 661.586px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978242);" data-canvas-width="344.0803863636363">mosquito species collected in 2015 were compared to 2016 data.</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 676.081px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986799);" data-canvas-width="344.0311035353534">The distribution of counties conducting surveillance was mapped</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 690.576px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00274);" data-canvas-width="342.3357742424242">using ArcMap 10.4.1 for pre and post Zika response. Autochthonous</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 705.071px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00595);" data-canvas-width="342.40969848484855">vector transmission risk was evaluated based on the overall numbers</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 719.566px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03037);" data-canvas-width="98.24531818181816">and percentages of</div><div style="left: 176.572px; top: 719.566px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997441);" data-canvas-width="69.8707297979798">Aedes aegypti</div><div style="left: 246.482px; top: 719.566px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07077);" data-canvas-width="25.627070707070704">and</div><div style="left: 272.117px; top: 719.566px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00726);" data-canvas-width="85.01287878787878">Aedes albopictus</div><div style="left: 357.185px; top: 719.566px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03086);" data-canvas-width="64.11942373737374">mosquitoes</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 734.061px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00136);" data-canvas-width="92.7256414141414">collected for 2016.</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 761.644px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08542);" data-canvas-width="44.50239393939395">Results</div><div style="left: 91.3182px; top: 774.647px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03588);" data-canvas-width="334.43327272727254">In 2015, Georgia had 14 counties conducting mosquito</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 789.142px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01206);" data-canvas-width="342.73250101010103">surveillance, with a DPH entomologist providing direct surveillance</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 803.637px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.971092);" data-canvas-width="341.8244648989899">in 4 of these counties. In 2016, DPH expanded surveillance capacity to</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 818.132px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967499);" data-canvas-width="343.25243484848505">34 counties, a 142% increase, geographically dispersed across the</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 832.627px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.953448);" data-canvas-width="343.5271866161616">State in urban and rural areas. A total of 76,052 mosquitoes were</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 847.122px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.973534);" data-canvas-width="341.6778484848482">trapped and identified in 2015 compared to 91,261 mosquitoes trapped</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 861.617px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0114);" data-canvas-width="342.5452262626262">to date in 2016, representing a 20% increase. A total of 37 mosquito</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 876.112px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.954255);" data-canvas-width="217.90402525252526">species were identified in both years with</div><div style="left: 296.314px; top: 876.112px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997738);" data-canvas-width="117.96584191919192">Culex quinquefasciatus</div><div style="left: 414.374px; top: 876.112px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00168);" data-canvas-width="6.160353535353535">,</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 890.607px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01162);" data-canvas-width="342.5501545454545">Georgia’s primary WNV vector, representing the highest percentage</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 905.102px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00466);" data-canvas-width="344.3822436868684">(2015-79.45% and 2016-70.41%) of mosquitoes trapped overall.</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 919.597px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03552);" data-canvas-width="61.92387373737374">In addition,</div><div style="left: 140.195px; top: 919.597px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999727);" data-canvas-width="70.03089898989897">Aedes aegypti</div><div style="left: 210.227px; top: 919.597px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03479);" data-canvas-width="211.11531565656566">represented only 0.108% and 0.007% of</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 934.092px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00038);" data-canvas-width="342.23104823232325">the total mosquitoes trapped respectively each year and was found in</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 948.586px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03671);" data-canvas-width="61.8745909090909">one county.</div><div style="left: 140.151px; top: 948.586px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00113);" data-canvas-width="84.49540909090908">Aedes albopictus</div><div style="left: 224.642px; top: 948.586px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02509);" data-canvas-width="196.52759848484854">represented only 1.50% and 1.82% of</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 963.081px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00038);" data-canvas-width="342.23104823232325">the total mosquitoes trapped respectively each year and was found in</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 977.576px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00137);" data-canvas-width="249.45735606060597">a majority of the counties conducting surveillance.</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 1005.16px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.10408);" data-canvas-width="73.93656313131314">Conclusions</div><div style="left: 91.3182px; top: 1018.16px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985136);" data-canvas-width="328.5920255050507">DPH was able to rapidly expand its surveillance capacity statewide</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 1032.66px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968701);" data-canvas-width="343.5013131313132">by maximizing existing grant funds to hire new surveillance staff</div><div style="left: 78.2727px; top: 1047.15px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03466);" data-canvas-width="342.9542737373736">while also collaborating with academic institutions, military bases,</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 290.516px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0011);" data-canvas-width="342.24336893939386">Georgia Mosquito Control Association, and local health departments</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 305.011px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980699);" data-canvas-width="341.85526666666664">to provide training and funding for surveillance and data sharing. This</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 319.506px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988393);" data-canvas-width="341.8355535353534">expanded surveillance network provided a clearer picture of the types</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 334.001px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994626);" data-canvas-width="344.04096010100994">of mosquitoes potentially exposing the public to mosquito-borne</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 348.496px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00154);" data-canvas-width="65.01637121212121">disease risks.</div><div style="left: 456.591px; top: 362.991px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0412);" data-canvas-width="295.77089393939383">Historical data for the primary vector of Zika virus,</div><div style="left: 752.368px; top: 362.991px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9884);" data-canvas-width="33.44086313131313">Aedes</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 377.486px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00153);" data-canvas-width="36.27216161616162">aegypti</div><div style="left: 479.81px; top: 377.486px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02235);" data-canvas-width="306.5515126262626">has been isolated to just two counties in Georgia. Expanded</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 391.98px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04147);" data-canvas-width="265.5235580808081">surveillance in 2016 confirmed a low abundance of</div><div style="left: 709.224px; top: 391.98px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00483);" data-canvas-width="70.38819949494949">Aedes aegypti</div><div style="left: 779.647px; top: 391.98px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00168);" data-canvas-width="6.160353535353535">,</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 406.475px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02071);" data-canvas-width="309.767217171717">suggesting the primary vector for Zika has been displaced by</div><div style="left: 753.309px; top: 406.475px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960651);" data-canvas-width="32.50202525252525">Aedes</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 420.97px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05916);" data-canvas-width="53.558113636363636">albopictus</div><div style="left: 497.08px; top: 420.97px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02964);" data-canvas-width="291.781448989899">. This may suggest a reduced risk of autochthonous</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 435.465px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00426);" data-canvas-width="246.27861363636353">transmission of Zika virus in Georgia due to</div><div style="left: 689.832px; top: 435.465px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01611);" data-canvas-width="93.05830050505052">Aedes albopictus’</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 449.96px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976222);" data-canvas-width="344.05328080808096">affinity for feeding on both humans and animals. This should be</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 464.455px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991129);" data-canvas-width="344.23562727272724">interpreted with caution due to limitations in the data related to</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 478.95px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986688);" data-canvas-width="341.78873484848486">unstandardized reporting techniques for each county. DPH is working</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 493.445px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988626);" data-canvas-width="341.93288712121216">with all counties to improve the quality of data collected and reported</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 507.94px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.944953);" data-canvas-width="343.06516010101">and continues to educate the public on ways they can reduce their</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 522.435px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04427);" data-canvas-width="342.9715227272727">individual risk of mosquito bites, which in turn reduces the risk of</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 536.93px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00848);" data-canvas-width="224.47096212121215">other mosquito-borne diseases such as WNV.</div><div style="left: 456.591px; top: 551.425px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01983);" data-canvas-width="329.71197777777775">In conclusion, DPH’s response to Zika virus allowed it to rapidly</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 565.92px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966105);" data-canvas-width="343.77236868686873">increase its surveillance footprint and with new data, make sound</div><div style="left: 443.545px; top: 580.415px; font-size: 12.3207px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00143);" data-canvas-width="312.4284898989897">public health decisions regarding mosquito-borne disease risks.</div>}, number={1}, journal={Online Journal of Public Health Informatics}, author={Ruston, Chris and Martin, Deonte and Kelly, Rosmarie}, year={2017}, month={May} }