@article{Muzyka_Lillehoj_Rula_Stegniy_2017, title={Immune response and distribution of antigen in chickens after infection LPAIV (H4N6)}, volume={9}, url={https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7690}, DOI={10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7690}, abstractNote={<div style="left: 72px; top: 268.606px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08137);" data-canvas-width="51.022666666666666">Objective</div><div style="left: 84px; top: 280.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00338);" data-canvas-width="302.8198666666666">To study the immune response in chicken on the administration of</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 293.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01084);" data-canvas-width="193.256">LPAIV isolated from the natural reservoir.</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 319.273px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11794);" data-canvas-width="66.10733333333333">Introduction</div><div style="left: 84px; top: 331.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984872);" data-canvas-width="302.33933333333334">Influenza is a serious problem for the health of people, animals and</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 344.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01803);" data-canvas-width="315.33526666666666">birds. Therefore, comprehensive study of influenza virus, its natural</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 357.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980359);" data-canvas-width="315.9370666666666">reservoir, pathogenesis and immune response will provide further</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 371.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02523);" data-canvas-width="315.32506666666666">opportunity to ensure protection for animals, birds and people from</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 384.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00295);" data-canvas-width="62.33333333333333">this infection.</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 409.94px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.07312);" data-canvas-width="46.59133333333333">Methods</div><div style="left: 84px; top: 421.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01591);" data-canvas-width="303.48740000000004">Four-week-old commercial chickens were intranasally inoculated</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 435.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05123);" data-canvas-width="318.1017333333333">with a H4N6 LPAIV A/Garganey/Chervonooskilske/4-11/2009</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 448.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986936);" data-canvas-width="314.4376666666666">(H4N6), isolated from the cloacal swab of clinically healthy garganey</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 461.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02573);" data-canvas-width="315.49733333333324">in 2009 in Ukraine. Cecum, spleen, lung, and trachea samples were</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 475.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97328);" data-canvas-width="316.25099999999986">collected from infected chickens on 1 - 14 dpi and examined by</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 488.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03552);" data-canvas-width="317.526">immunohistochemical and virology techniques. On these days,</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 501.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979713);" data-canvas-width="316.1206666666666">we collected blood samples for serological analysis. Detection of</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 515.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03146);" data-canvas-width="315.6956666666666">antibodies to avian influenza virus subtype H4 was performed with</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 528.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994128);" data-canvas-width="314.64166666666665">chicken serum samples by HI test and ELISA. The studies were done</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 541.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00168);" data-canvas-width="97.26266666666665">according to IACUC.</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 567.273px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08488);" data-canvas-width="40.93600000000001">Results</div><div style="left: 84px; top: 579.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08499);" data-canvas-width="306.81826666666655">Upon intravenous and intranasal infection with this virus</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 592.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994987);" data-canvas-width="316.0742">(A/Garganey/Chervonooskilske/4-11/2009), no clinical signs were</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 605.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980754);" data-canvas-width="316.24420000000015">observed in chickens and no pathological changes were found at</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 619.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02995);" data-canvas-width="315.44066666666686">necropsy. Infection of poultry with this virus provoked an antibody</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 632.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03772);" data-canvas-width="315.5528666666668">response at 10 days after intranasal inoculation which ranged from</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 645.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00397);" data-canvas-width="314.8966666666664">1:8 to 1:32 serum antibody titers. Only 2 of 5 chickens were positive</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 659.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982045);" data-canvas-width="316.72586666666643">by the HI test and 3 of 5 were positive by ELISA at intranasal</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 672.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952164);" data-canvas-width="315.7693333333335">inoculation. All 10 chickens were positive both by HI test and by</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 685.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01124);" data-canvas-width="315.08593333333334">ELISA after intravenous inoculation. Specific antibodies (HI test) to</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 699.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00374);" data-canvas-width="304.68533333333335">influenza virus H4 were detected in titer ranges of 1:128 to 1:1024.</div><div style="left: 84px; top: 712.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01869);" data-canvas-width="303.433">In immunohistological studies, the respiratory tract organs (lungs</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 725.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03748);" data-canvas-width="315.5675999999999">and trachea) showed higher level of humoral immunity (IgM, IgG,</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 739.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987567);" data-canvas-width="316.4493333333331">IgA-expressing cells) in the lung compared to the trachea. Also,</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 752.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04374);" data-canvas-width="315.76706666666655">indicators of cell mediated immunity as measured by the CD4 and</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 765.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00016);" data-canvas-width="316.5343333333333">macrophage markers were higher in LPAIV-infected chickens in</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 779.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00888);" data-canvas-width="315.05533333333335">the lungs at 14 days post infection compared to uninfected chickens.</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 792.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09303);" data-canvas-width="319.05600000000004">Lymphocytes expressing CD8 were increased starting 7dpi.</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 805.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03144);" data-canvas-width="315.6208666666665">The chickens in the infected group showed 2 times higher levels of</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 819.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02392);" data-canvas-width="230.99600000000004">CD8 cells compared to the control chickens. IFN-</div><div style="left: 303.004px; top: 821.387px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: sans-serif;">γ</div><div style="left: 307.665px; top: 819.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02979);" data-canvas-width="79.87733333333333">transcripts were</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 832.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03323);" data-canvas-width="315.41119999999995">observed in the AI-infected chickens starting at 7dpi that coincides</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 845.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00259);" data-canvas-width="123.38600000000004">with the increasing level of</div><div style="left: 84px; top: 859.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.959903);" data-canvas-width="303.7933999999999">CD4 cells. The number of lymphocytes which secrete IL-2 and</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 872.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02979);" data-canvas-width="315.44066666666646">IL-15 in AI-infected chickens were in general 1.5 to 2 times higher</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 885.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02534);" data-canvas-width="315.5313333333333">compared to the uninfected chickens. In AIV-infected chickens, the</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 899.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02335);" data-canvas-width="136.92366666666666">level of cells expressing IFN-</div><div style="left: 208.921px; top: 901.387px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: sans-serif;">γ</div><div style="left: 213.581px; top: 899.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03118);" data-canvas-width="173.97799999999998">, IL-2, and IL-15 increased at 7-days</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 912.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02511);" data-canvas-width="315.4962">after infection. The peak time coincided with a period of increasing</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 925.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983464);" data-canvas-width="316.41306666666685">CD8 cells. However, there was no significant difference in these</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 939.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00552);" data-canvas-width="295.2219999999999">cytokine levels between the AIV-infected and uninfected groups.</div><div style="left: 84px; top: 952.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.93038);" data-canvas-width="303.80019999999985">In the cecum, lower levels of CD4 cells were seen on 5 dpi but</div><div style="left: 72px; top: 965.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992464);" data-canvas-width="314.6110666666666">levels slowly increased from 7 dpi to 14 dpi following AIV infection.</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 267.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03492);" data-canvas-width="315.58233333333334">In the ceca, a significant increase in the number of cells expressing</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 280.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00091);" data-canvas-width="111.73533333333333">IgM and IgG was found.</div><div style="left: 420px; top: 293.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07178);" data-canvas-width="306.61766666666665">LPAIV infection induced an increase in macrophages and</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 307.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02248);" data-canvas-width="315.46899999999994">lymphocytes expressing CD4 and CD8 in the spleen throughout the</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 320.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03723);" data-canvas-width="315.6967999999999">period examined in this study indicating their role in host response</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 333.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966056);" data-canvas-width="311.8910666666667">to viral infection. The levels of macrophages in chickens of AIV-</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 347.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00194);" data-canvas-width="284.5346666666665">infected group were 2 times higher than the control after 1 dpi.</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 372.606px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.10259);" data-canvas-width="68.01133333333334">Conclusions</div><div style="left: 420px; top: 384.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04037);" data-canvas-width="303.61546666666624">Although infection with a LPAIV did not cause obvious clinical</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 397.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02524);" data-canvas-width="315.5018666666666">disease, viral replication was detected in the trachea and spleen and</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 411.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991106);" data-canvas-width="314.4943333333334">both local and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses were</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 424.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04872);" data-canvas-width="315.9438666666666">elicited in these LPAIV-infected chickens. Our results indicate the</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 437.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983456);" data-canvas-width="314.5090666666667">potential possibility for infection of poultry with viruses isolated from</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 451.234px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978269);" data-canvas-width="314.5135999999999">wild birds. But currently it is not completely known why some viruses</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 464.567px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02012);" data-canvas-width="315.25253333333336">from wild birds can cause infection in poultry, while others can not.</div><div style="left: 408px; top: 477.901px; font-size: 11.3333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99351);" data-canvas-width="314.62806666666665">Further study of the immune response will enable us to determine the</div>features of the pathogenesis of low pathogenic avian influenza.}, number={1}, journal={Online Journal of Public Health Informatics}, author={Muzyka, Denys and Lillehoj, Hyun and Rula, Olexandr and Stegniy, Borys}, year={2017}, month={May} }